A conceptual framework and experimental design for analysing the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) in agroforestry systems |
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| Institution: | 1. Chair of Silviculture, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, Freiburg 79106, Germany;2. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany;3. Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21, Leipzig 04103, Germany;1. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, 100093 Beijing, China;2. College of life sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China;3. Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Biodiversity, Jingdezhen University, 333400 Jingdezhen, China;1. Silviculture & Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;2. Forest and Agroforest Systems, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany;3. Wildlife Sciences, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;4. Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany;5. Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;6. J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany;7. Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Büsgenweg. 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;8. Forest Nature Conservation, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 3, 37077 Göttingen Germany;9. Chair of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082 Würzburg, Germany;1. Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany;2. Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;3. Faculty of Sustainability Science, Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany;4. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany;5. Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany;6. School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand;7. MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Lendület Landscape and Conservation Ecology Research Group, Pest, Hungary;8. Farming Systems Ecology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands;9. Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;10. Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands;11. Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany;12. Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland;13. Department of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;14. Institute of Grassland Science, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;15. Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;p. Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;q. Department of Entomology and Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 204 Center for Integrated Plant System, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States;r. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic;s. Deptartment of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;t. Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany;u. Functional Agrobiodiversity, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;1. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany;2. Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany;3. Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany;4. Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany;5. UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Physiological Diversity, Leipzig, Germany;6. J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göettingen, Göettingen, Germany;7. Institute of Biological Research, Branch of the National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;8. Geoecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;9. Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany;10. Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;11. Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;12. Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China |
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| Abstract: | There is compelling evidence for positive effects of plant diversity on the functioning of forests and agroecosystems. This information is increasingly used to optimize production systems that provide a wide range of ecosystem services. While agroforestry is actively promoted for the sustainable intensification of agriculture and restoration of degraded landscapes, there is a paucity of knowledge on Biodiversity Ecosystem Functioning (BEF) relationships in agroforestry systems. Since BEF-relationships in agroforestry might be shaped by combinations of different life-forms (e.g. trees, shrubs, herbs) and their interactions, experiences from grassland and forest experiments cannot be readily transferred to agroforestry. This highlights the need for a new type of experiments in agroforestry to advance our understanding of the role of biodiversity for the functioning of these systems. Therefore, our aim was to develop a conceptual framework for analysing BEF-relationships in agroforestry systems and to present an exemplary design for this purpose, which we placed in a (sub)tropical context. Based on designs used in tree diversity experiments, we suggest four major design principles: 1) a trait-based approach for selecting tree and crop species, 2) the integration of trees and crops along a gradient of functional diversity, 3) maintaining constant density across different combinations of life-forms in agroforests through the concept of “growing-patch-density”, and 4) disentangling a priori the effects of species diversity on ecosystem functioning from those of structural and functional diversity, defined here as the variation in structural attributes such as plant dimensions and in plant functional traits, respectively. Our conceptual design and the embedded principles offer a promising avenue to identify important drivers of specific BEF-relationships and to quantify management influences on these. This design can support new research projects that aim at improving ecosystem functioning of agroforestry with the view of optimizing the provision of ecosystem services and facilitation of ecosystem restoration. |
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