Cell Membrane Diversity in Noncovalent Protein Transduction |
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Authors: | Betty Revon Liu Jyh-Ching Chou Han-Jung Lee |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan |
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Abstract: | Crossing of the plasma membrane for all macromolecules without energy, receptors or any artificial methods was thought to
be difficult. Our previous studies demonstrated that arginine-rich intracellular delivery (AID) peptides are able to deliver
macromolecules, such as proteins, RNAs and DNAs, into either animal or plant cells. Cellular internalization could be mediated
by effective and nontoxic AID peptides in either a covalent or noncovalent protein transduction (NPT) manner. AID peptides
were so versatile that the procedure seemed to replace the current artificial transfection methods. However, the utilization
of AID peptides has been limited to animal or plant systems so far. None has proposed that AID peptides could work in other
species. Here, we select some representative organisms to screen whether NPT mediated by AID peptides works in them. They
include cyanobacteria, bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi and yeasts. The results reveal that not all living beings possess this
capability of protein transduction. Interestingly, all species of prokaryotes tested, which were thought to be highly diverse
from the animal and plant systems, appear to be capable of NPT. The mechanism of AID-mediated NPT in cyanobacteria is in a
classical endocytosis- and energy-independent pathway and may involve macropinocytosis. In contrast, green algae and multicellular
fungi of the eukaryotes are impermeable to protein passage. Our results bring an interesting clue to the reexamination of
the phylogeny of both algae and fungi. |
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Keywords: | Cell penetrating peptide Cellular internalization Macropinocytosis Phylogeny Protein transduction domain |
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