Molecular Strategies Underlying Porphyromonas gingivalis Virulence |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany;2. Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany;3. Department of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany;1. Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology and Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile;2. Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile;3. BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile;1. Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China;2. Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan;3. Comprehensive Dental Clinic, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan;4. Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan;5. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan;6. Department of Oral Healthcare Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan |
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Abstract: | The anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered the keystone of periodontitis diseases, a set of inflammatory conditions that affects the tissues surrounding the teeth. In the recent years, the major virulence factors exploited by P. gingivalis have been identified and characterized, including a cocktail of toxins, mainly proteases called gingipains, which promote gingival tissue invasion. These effectors use the Sec pathway to cross the inner membrane and are then recruited and transported across the outer membrane by the type IX secretion system (T9SS). In P. gingivalis, most secreted effectors are attached to anionic lipopolysaccharides (A-LPS), and hence form a virulence coat at the cell surface. P. gingivalis produces additional virulence factors to evade host immune responses, such as capsular polysaccharide, fimbriae and outer membrane vesicles. In addition to periodontitis, it is proposed that this broad repertoire of virulence factors enable P. gingivalis to be involved in diverse human diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and neurodegenerative, Alzheimer, and cardiovascular disorders. Here, we review the major virulence determinants of P. gingivalis and discuss future directions to better understand their mechanisms of action. |
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Keywords: | pathogenesis protein transport virulence factors type IX secretion system T9SS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0040" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Type IX secretion system CTD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0050" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" C-terminal domain PPAD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0060" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," $$" :[{" #name" :" italic" ," _" :" Porphyromonas" },{" #name" :" __text__" ," _" :" peptidylarginine deiminase RA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0070" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" rheumatoid arthritis HBP35" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0080" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" hemin-binding protein 35 IM" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0090" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" inner membane OM" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0100" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" outer membrane A-LPS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0110" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" anionic lipopolysaccharide OMVs" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0120" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" outer membrane vesicles |
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