Membrane penetration of nitric oxide and its donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine: a spin-label electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic study

S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) is a pharmacological agent with diverse biological effects that are mainly attributable to its favorable characteristics as a nitric oxide (NO)-evolving agent. It is found that SNAP incorporates readily into dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayer membranes; and an approximate penetration profile was obtained from the depth dependence of the perturbation that it exerts on spin-labeled lipid chains. The profile of SNAP locates it deep in the hydrophobic core of both fluid- and gel-phase membranes. The spin relaxation enhancement of spin-labeled phospholipids with nitroxide group located at different depths in DMPC membranes was determined for nitric oxide (NO) and molecular oxygen (O(2)), at close to atomic spatial resolution. The relaxation enhancement, which is proportional to the corresponding vertical membrane profile of the concentration-diffusion product, was measured in the gel and fluid phases of the lipid bilayer. No significant membrane penetration was observed in the gel phase for the two water-dissolved gases. In the fluid phase, the transmembrane profiles of NO and O(2) are similar and could be well described by a sigmoidal function with a maximum in the center of the bilayer, but that of NO is less steep and is shifted toward the center of the membrane, relative to that of O(2). These differences can be attributed mainly to the difference in hydrophobicity between the two gases and the presence of the donor in the NO experiments. The biological implications of the above results are discussed.