郑州东赵遗址炭化植物遗存记录的夏商时期农业特征及其发展过程

本文通过对郑州东赵遗址2013~2014年度考古发掘采集土样的浮选分析,获取了该遗址新砦、二里头、二里岗三个不同时期丰富的炭化植物遗存,其中炭化植物种子主要包括粟、黍、水稻、小麦和大豆五种农作物以及狗尾草属、稗属和马唐属等不同种属的杂草种子等。对遗址不同阶段炭化农作物及典型田间杂草遗存的量化分析结果显示,东赵遗址自新砦期至二里岗期的农业生产始终保持着以种植粟、黍为主的特点,大豆是该遗址先民稳定的食物来源之一,而水稻在整个农业经济结构中的比重一直很低。值得注意的是,从新砦期至二里岗期,粟、黍两种旱地作物在东赵遗址农业经济中的比重不断上升,而先民的旱地田间管理技术也随之取得了明显的进步。小麦的种植始于遗址二里头文化期,至二里岗期时迅速发展,成为当时先民重要的农作物品种之一。东赵遗址炭化植物遗存分析结果为了解夏代早期至商代前期中原核心区域农业经济的特点及其发展过程提供了重要资料,对探索中国国家起源与早期发展阶段农业经济技术发展状况及其与文明演进的关系有重要意义。

Characteristics and Development of Agriculture During Xia and Shang DynastiesBased on Carbonized Plant Analysis at the Dongzhao Site,Central China

The Dongzhao Site, located in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province contains different cultural remains dated from late Longshan to Zhou Dynasty. In this site, three city wall ruins of different sizes were recovered belonging to the periods of Xinzhai, Erlitou and Dongzhou respectively. For its crucial geographic location and time range, the Dongzhao Site plays an important role in studies of the development of civilization and state origins in central China between 2500-1500BC. In this paper, abundant carbonized plant remains belonging to Xinzhai, Erlitou and Erligang periods were analyzed which included charred wood pieces, nut shells and plant seeds. The statistical results show that crop seeds dominated these carbonized plant remains, which included foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and soybean (Glycine). In addition, Foxtail, Tares, Crabgrasses and some other weed seeds were also recovered in the Dongzhao Site. The research results indicate that dry farming of foxtail millet and broomcorn millet is the dominant agricultural pattern in the Dongzhao Site during the entire period from the late Longshan to the East Zhou Dynasty. It is worth noting that past populations in Dongzhao began to cultivate rice, wheat and soybean from the Erlitou period, indicating the formation of a new agricultural pattern with many different crops. Furthermore, analysis of the proportional presence of all crops and related weed seeds also shows that continuous progress was made in agricultural development and field management techniques in the Dongzhao Site. All of these findings have great significance for understanding the development of Chinese civilization and state origin between 2500BC to 1500 BC in central China.