Cross-correlation and latency compensation analysis of click-evoked and frequency-following brain-stem responses in man |
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| Affiliation: | 1. University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Mental Retardation Research Group at Lanterman Developmental Center, Pomona, CA 91769 U.S.A.;2. Graduate School of Psychology, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, CA 91182 U.S.A.;1. Neuropsychology Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;2. School of Psychology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3004, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;1. Space Sciences Department, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA, United States;2. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States;1. Institute of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, PR China;2. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;3. Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA;4. Center for Advanced Neurological Engineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;5. Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;6. Fetzer Memorial Trust, Kalamazoo, MI, USA;7. Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;1. School of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA;2. Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA;3. University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Memphis, TN, USA;1. Cardiovascular Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida;2. Cardiovascular Division, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;3. Cardiovascular Division, Mount Sinai St Luke''s Roosevelt Hospital, New York, New York;4. Cardiovascular Division, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;5. Cardiovascular Division, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, New York;6. Cardiovascular Division, Saint Peter''s University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey;7. Cardiovascular Division, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky;8. Cardiovascular Division, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana;9. Cardiovascular Division, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia;10. Cardiovascular Division, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;11. Cardiovascular Division, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York;12. Cardiovascular Division, Western Reserve Health System, Youngstown, Ohio;13. Cardiovascular Division, Drexel School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;14. Cardiovascular Division, Prince George''s Hospital Center, Cheverly, Maryland;1. IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy;2. Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy;3. School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK;4. University of Rome “Niccolò Cusano”, Rome, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Cross-correlation (CC) and latency compensation (LC) analyses were applied to the human click-evoked brain-stem auditory evoked response (BAER) and the brain-stem frequency-following response (FFR). FFRs were elicited by pure tone stimuli (230 Hz and 460 Hz) or by complex tones derived from the sum of 3rd (920 Hz), 4th (1150 Hz), and 5th (1380 Hz) harmonics of the missing 230 Hz fundamental. The lower and upper harmonics always began in sine phase, while the middle harmonic varied in starting phase, resulting in harmonically complex stimuli with differing amplitude and phase patterns.Cross-correlations were computed between individual trials and a wave form t emplate (smoothed wave V for BAER, pure tone stimulus sinusoids for FFR). Trials were included in the analysis only if values of r2 exceeded 0.5 (negative values of r were thus included, which controlled for the chance occurrence of positive correlations). Although brain-stem recordings are noisy, requiring as many as 1000 stimuli/average, correlation analysis consistently identified more positive than negative trials (approximately 2:1 ratio). Trials were also deleted if the lag associated with the selected r2 was at the maximum shift position (‘extreme lag’).Averaging trials that satisfied the correlation and lag criteria led to sizeable enhancement of BAER (mean = 114%) and FFR (mean = 68% for 230 Hz stimulus) amplitudes. LC analysis resulted in additional, albeit smaller, increases in amplitude (approximately 10%). FFRs to harmonically complex stimuli were characterized by a clear periodicity at the missing fundamental frequency (230 Hz). However, amplitudes varied according to the modulation depth of the stimulus and, in certain cases, actually exceeded that of the FFR response to a 230 Hz pure tone.The results demonstrate the effectiveness of cross-correlation and, to a lesser degree, latency compensation analysis, applied to two classes of brain-stem potentials. It is anticipated that such techniques will prove useful in the study of auditory signal processing at the level of the brain-stem. |
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