Linkage analysis for mapping genes of sex-influenced traits |
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Authors: | Nicole R London John R Garbe Sheila M Schmutz Mitchell S Abrahamsen Yang Da |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 265 Haecker Hall, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA,;(2) Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Canada,;(3) Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA, |
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Abstract: | Abstract
Statistical methods are developed to estimate gender-specific and gender-average recombination frequencies between a biallelic
or multiallelic marker and a sex-influenced gene. Iterative solutions are developed for intercross (or F-2 design). For biallelic
markers, two iterative solutions are required, one for coupling and repulsion parental linkage phases and one for mixed parental
linkage phases. For multiallelic markers, one set of iterative equations applies to all possible parental linkage phases.
The resulting formulae for estimating recombination frequency use the full data set and yield estimates that are exactly the
same as the true parameters if the observed and expected phenotypic distributions are equal. When one parent is homozygous
for the sex-influenced gene as is expected with the backcross design, simple solutions exist for estimating recombination
frequencies. However, offspring of one gender (male or female) do not have linkage information depending on whether the homozygous
parent has two male-dominant or male-recessive alleles. Consequently, an F-2 design is more efficient than a backcross design
for mapping a sex-influenced gene. Knowing each parental linkage phase is important to apply the methods developed in this
article. It is shown that an individual's linkage phase of the sex-influenced locus can be determined based on allele transmission
from the parents for all crosses except under the mating between an expressed male and an unexpressed female. |
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