Adipose tissue microenvironments during aging: Effects on stimulated lipolysis |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;2. Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;3. Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;4. Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;1. Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Canada;2. Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada;3. Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada;4. Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada;5. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada;6. Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada;1. KNU Alzheimer''s disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea;2. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, South Korea;3. Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea;1. Physics Institute, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Ave. Dr. Manuel Nava #6, San Luis Potosí SLP 78290, Mexico;2. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí School of Medicine, Ave. V. Carranza 2405, San Luis Potosí SLP 78210, Mexico.;1. Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;2. Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan;3. Laboratory of Farm Animal Internal Medicine, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan;4. Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama 526-0829, Japan;5. Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Adipose tissue is a critical organ for nutrient sensing, energy storage and maintaining metabolic health. The failure of adipose tissue homeostasis leads to metabolic disease that is seen during obesity or aging. Local metabolic processes are coordinated by interacting microenvironments that make up the complexity and heterogeneity of the adipose tissue. Catecholamine-induced lipolysis, a critical pathway in adipocytes that drives the release of stored triglyceride as free fatty acid after stimulation, is impaired during aging. The impairment of this pathway is associated with a failure to maintain a healthy body weight, core body-temperature during cold stress or mount an immune response. Along with impairments in aged adipocytes, aging is associated with an accumulation of inflammation, immune cell activation, and increased dysfunction in the nervous and lymphatic systems within the adipose tissue. Together these microenvironments support the initiation of stimulated lipolysis and the transport of free fatty acid under conditions of metabolic homeostasis. However, during aging, the defects in these cellular systems result in a reduction in ability to stimulate lipolysis. This review will focus on how the immune, nervous and lymphatic systems interact during tissue homeostasis, review areas that are impaired with aging and discuss areas of research that are currently unclear. |
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