Neuritogenesis induced by thyroid hormone-treated astrocytes is mediated by epidermal growth factor/mitogen-activated protein kinase-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways and involves modulation of extracellular matrix proteins

Thyroid hormone (T3) plays a crucial role in several steps of cerebellar ontogenesis. By using a neuron-astrocyte coculture model, we have investigated the effects of T3-treated astrocytes on cerebellar neuronal differentiation in vitro. Neurons plated onto T3-astrocytes presented a 40-60% increase on the total neurite length and an increment in the number of neurites. Treatment of astrocytes with epidermal growth factor (EGF) yielded similar results, suggesting that this growth factor might mediate T3-induced neuritogenesis. EGF and T3 treatment increased fibronectin and laminin expression by astrocytes, suggesting that astrocyte neurite permissiveness induced by these treatments is mostly due to modulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Such increase in ECM protein expression as well as astrocyte permissiveness to neurite outgrowth was reversed by the specific EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, tyrphostin. Moreover, studies using selective inhibitors of several transduction-signaling cascades indicated that modulation of ECM proteins by EGF is mainly through a synergistic activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways. In this work, we provide evidence of a novel role of EGF as an intermediary factor of T3 action on cerebellar ontogenesis. By modulating the content of ECM proteins, EGF increases neurite outgrowth. Our data reveal an important role of astrocytes as mediators of T3-induced cerebellar development and partially elucidate the role of EGF and mitogen-activated protein kinase/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways on this process.