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Ecology and management of invasive Pinaceae around the world: progress and challenges
Authors:Martin A Nuñez  Mariana C Chiuffo  Agostina Torres  Thomas Paul  Romina D Dimarco  Peter Raal  Nahuel Policelli  Jaime Moyano  Rafael A García  Brian W van Wilgen  Aníbal Pauchard  " target="_blank">David M Richardson
Institution:1.Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA,CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue,Bariloche,Argentina;2.New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd,Rotorua,New Zealand;3.Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos,CONICET, INTA,Bariloche,Argentina;4.Department of Conservation,Dunedin Office,Dunedin,New Zealand;5.Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales,Universidad de Concepción,Concepción,Chile;6.Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB),Santiago,Chile;7.Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology,Stellenbosch University,Stellenbosch,South Africa
Abstract:Many species in the family Pinaceae are invaders. These species are relatively easy to control because of some of their intrinsic characteristics and because they are highly visible and easy to eliminate. Many Pinaceae species have been well studied because of their use in forestry and their invasive behavior in many countries. The impacts of invasive Pinaceae are not only ecological, but also economic and social. We review the ecology and management of Pinaceae invasions and explore how restoration of invaded areas should be addressed. There are many ways to prevent invasions and to deal with them. Planting less invasive species, better site selection, and invasion monitoring are used successfully in different parts of the world to prevent invasion. Mechanical and chemical methods are used effectively to control Pinaceae invasions. Control is more effective at the early stages of invasion. Old invasions are more problematic as their elimination is more expensive, and the restoration of native vegetation is challenging. In some areas, native vegetation cannot thrive after Pinaceae have been removed, and weeds colonize cleared areas. More attention is needed to prevent the initiation and spread of invasions by focusing control interventions at early stages of invasion. Finding new ways of dealing sustainably with conflicts of interest between foresters and conservationists is crucial. Non-native Pinaceae are important parts of the economies and landscapes in several countries and they will continue to play such a role in the future. Despite the numerous challenges facing Pinaceae invasion management, several approaches can be successful at controlling them. Proper application of current techniques and development of more efficient ones is needed if the goal of maximizing benefits and minimizing negative impacts is to be achieved.
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