Behavior of polytene chromosomes of rhynchosciara angelae at different stages of larval development

Summary Polytene chromosomes in cells of salivary gland, Malpighian tubules and intestine of Rhynchosciara angelae are very favorable for study. The polytene chromosomes of the salivary gland are among the largest available for cytogenetics work. The ones in Malpighian tubules and in some parts of the intestine are as large and as favorable for cytological studies as the salivary chromosomes of many species of Drosophila.Two additional characteristics of Rhynchosciara make these flies excellent material for studies on the development of polytene chromosomes. 1.It is possible to observe the banding pattern of the polytene chromosomes at many stages of the larval life for at least 30 days before pupation, and 2. since the gregarious larvae develop simultaneously, one can sample the group at any stage desired. Sampling the group every day, it is possible to follow the development of the chromosomes as though one studied a single individual by observing it every day.We have followed in detail the behavior of the bands in two sections of chromosome B and in one section of chromosome C, at different stages of larval development. Some regions of the chromosomes which are represented by typical euchromatic bands at one stage of the larval development may develop in enormous bulbs, and later on may return to the banded stage again.The formation of the bulbs is not uniform in different sections of the same or of different chromosomes. In section 2 of chromosome B a certain locus swells enormously and then develops an enormous bulb, and later returns to the banded stage. At the point where the bulb was formed there is an accumulation of DNA, in amounts probably several times greater than before the bulb formation. In section 3 of chromosome B and section 3 of chromosome C the extra accumulation of DNA preceeds the formation of the bulb and is maintained during and after it. In the bulb formed in section 3 of chromosome C a single band seems to be responsible for the process.As shown by several authors, experimental evidence suggests that a gene is located within a band. The bulb formation in polytene chromosomes may then be morphological evidence of gene activities. This type of bulb formations and of return to the banded stage is a property of many chromosomes bands, during larval development. This type of behavior of many bands in polytene chromosomes is related to the process of nucleolus formation. However, this behavior may be found in almost all (if not in all) bands of the polytene chromosomes. If so, the behavior of the nucleolus organizer region is only a special case of this general process.The accumulation of DNA in different parts of the chromosome in cells of the same or of different tissues may be an argument against the theory of the constancy of the amount of DNA in all cells of a species. The bulb formations is not peculiar to R. angelae but occurs in several other Diptera.