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Global lack of flyway structure in a cosmopolitan bird revealed by a genome wide survey of single nucleotide polymorphisms
Authors:Robert H S Kraus  Pim van Hooft  Hendrik‐Jan Megens  Arseny Tsvey  Sergei Y Fokin  Ronald C Ydenberg  Herbert H T Prins
Institution:1. Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, , 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;2. Conservation Genetics Group, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, , D‐63571 Gelnhausen, Germany;3. Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, , Wageningen, 6708 WD The Netherlands;4. Biological Station Rybachy of the Zoological Institute RAS, , 238535 Kaliningrad Region, Russia;5. Hunting Ornithology Section, State Information‐Analytical Centre of Game Management and Environment, Ministry of Environment of Russia, , Moscow, Russia;6. Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University, , Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, V5A 1S6
Abstract:Knowledge about population structure and connectivity of waterfowl species, especially mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), is a priority because of recent outbreaks of avian influenza. Ringing studies that trace large‐scale movement patterns have to date been unable to detect clearly delineated mallard populations. We employed 363 single nucleotide polymorphism markers in combination with population genetics and phylogeographical approaches to conduct a population genomic test of panmixia in 801 mallards from 45 locations worldwide. Basic population genetic and phylogenetic methods suggest no or very little population structure on continental scales. Nor could individual‐based structuring algorithms discern geographical structuring. Model‐based coalescent analyses for testing models of population structure pointed to strong genetic connectivity among the world's mallard population. These diverse approaches all support the conclusion that there is a lack of clear population structure, suggesting that the world's mallards, perhaps with minor exceptions, form a single large, mainly interbreeding population.
Keywords:   Anas platyrhynchos     ascertainment bias  coalescent analysis  conservation management  population genomics  single nucleotide polymorphisms
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