New insights into the bioavailability of red raspberry anthocyanins and ellagitannins |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Food Technology, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain;2. Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy;3. Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA;4. Postharvest, Technology and Agrifood Industry Area, IFAPA, Córdoba, Spain;5. The Need for Nutrition Education/Innovation Programme, University of Cambridge, UK;6. School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK;1. LS9 Interlab Group, The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy;2. Nutrition and Vascular Studies (NVS) Platform and the Need for Nutrition Education/Innovation Programme (NNEdPro) Group – c/o Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Nutrition Research (HNR) Unit, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK;2. Phytochemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain;3. LS9 Bioactives and Health, Interlaboratory Group, Department of Food Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy;1. Bioforsk, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, N-1432 Ås, Norway;2. Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway;3. Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway;1. Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duesseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;2. QUVI Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Italy;3. Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal;4. iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal;1. Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy;2. Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27a, 43124 Parma, Italy;3. Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area), University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain;4. The Need for Nutrition Education/Innovation Programme (NNEdPro), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK |
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| Abstract: | Red raspberries, containing ellagitannins and cyanidin-based anthocyanins, were fed to volunteers and metabolites appearing in plasma and urine were analysed by UHPLC-MS. Anthocyanins were not absorbed to any extent with sub nmol/L concentrations of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and a cyanidin-O-glucuronide appearing transiently in plasma. Anthocyanins excreted in urine corresponded to 0.007% of intake. More substantial amounts of phase II metabolites of ferulic acid and isoferulic acid, along with 4′-hydroxyhippuric acid, potentially originating from pH-mediated degradation of cyanidin in the proximal gastrointestinal tract, appeared in urine and also plasma where peak concentrations were attained 1–1.5 h after raspberry intake. Excretion of 18 anthocyanin-derived metabolites corresponded to 15.0% of intake, a figure substantially higher than obtained in other anthocyanin feeding studies. Ellagitannins pass from the small to the large intestine where the colonic microbiota mediate their conversion to urolithins A and B which appeared in plasma and were excreted almost exclusively as sulfate and glucuronide metabolites. The urolithin metabolites persisted in the circulatory system and were excreted in urine for much longer periods of time than the anthocyanin metabolites although their overall urinary recovery was lower at 7.0% of intake. It is events originating in the proximal and distal gastrointestinal tract, and subsequent phase II metabolism, that play an important role in the bioavailability of both anthocyanins and ellagitannins and it is their metabolites which appear in the circulatory system, that are key to elucidating the mode of action(s) underlying the protective effects of these compounds on human health. |
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| Keywords: | Raspberries Anthocyanins Ellagitannins Bioavailability In vivo metabolites Plasma Urine |
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