The basics of thiols and cysteines in redox biology and chemistry |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;2. Bioinformatics Support Unit, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;3. University College London, Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment and Institute of Healthy Ageing, Gower Street – Darwin Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK;4. Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;5. Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;1. University of Liège – Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Unité de Bio-Industries, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;2. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga 4871, Colonia Santa Fe, Delegación Cuajimalpa, Distrito Federal, C.P. 05300, México;3. Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Bygning 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark;3. National Center for Protein Sciences · Beijing, Beijing, 102206, China;;4. State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing, 102206, China;;5. Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458;;6. Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 |
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| Abstract: | Cysteine is one of the least abundant amino acids, yet it is frequently found as a highly conserved residue within functional (regulatory, catalytic, or binding) sites in proteins. It is the unique chemistry of the thiol or thiolate group of cysteine that imparts to functional sites their specialized properties (e.g., nucleophilicity, high-affinity metal binding, and/or ability to form disulfide bonds). Highlighted in this review are some of the basic biophysical and biochemical properties of cysteine groups and the equations that apply to them, particularly with respect to pKa and redox potential. Also summarized are the types of low-molecular-weight thiols present in high concentrations in most cells, as well as the ways in which modifications of cysteinyl residues can impart or regulate molecular functions important to cellular processes, including signal transduction. |
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| Keywords: | Cysteine Redox regulation Thiols Redox potential Free radicals |
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