Body size and allometric variation in facial shape in children |
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| Authors: | Jacinda R Larson Mange F Manyama Joanne B Cole Paula N Gonzalez Christopher J Percival Denise K Liberton Tracey M Ferrara Sheri L Riccardi Emmanuel A Kimwaga Joshua Mathayo Jared A Spitzmacher Campbell Rolian Heather A Jamniczky Seth M Weinberg Charles C Roseman Ophir Klein Ken Lukowiak Richard A Spritz Benedikt Hallgrimsson |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada;2. Division of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine ‐ Qatar, Doha, Qatar;3. Department of Anatomy, Catholic University of Health and Allied Science, Mwanza, Tanzania;4. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts;5. Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado;6. Department of Anthropology, University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina;7. Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA;8. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;9. School of Pharmacy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada;10. Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;11. McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada;12. Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA;13. Department of Animal Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Science, University of Illinois, Urbana‐Champaign, Urbana, Illinois;14. Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California;15. Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and the Hotchkiss Brain InstituteCumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;16. Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Objectives In group‐living primates, it has been reported that the alpha male exhibits high concentrations of cortisol and testosterone in the context of mating competition. We investigated how the presence of females affected salivary cortisol and testosterone levels in males from a small captive group of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Specifically, we assessed whether the presence of females resulted in a rapid increase in salivary cortisol and testosterone levels in the alpha male. Materials and methods We compared the social behavior and salivary hormone concentrations of four males before and after the presentation of receptive females. Three times a day, we collected saliva samples, a useful matrix for investigating short‐term hormonal changes, and measured cortisol and testosterone concentration by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Results The frequency of inter‐male aggression increased in the presence of females, indicating intense competition among males. Salivary cortisol levels increased in all males in the presence of females; however, the increase was significantly more pronounced in the alpha male. We found a complex three‐way interaction among the presence of females, sampling timings, and male dominance rank in the analysis of salivary testosterone. Contrary to our prediction, a post hoc analysis revealed that salivary testosterone levels decreased after female introduction and that the alpha male did not show a higher level of salivary testosterone. Conclusions Our study provides experimental evidence suggesting that the presence of females plays a significant role in the rank‐related variation in the cortisol levels in male chimpanzees. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate the usefulness of salivary hormones for detecting short‐term physiological changes in studies of socioendocrinology. |
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| Keywords: | allometry 3D facial imaging face shape growth human morphometrics |
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