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Príncipe island hawksbills: Genetic isolation of an eastern Atlantic stock
Authors:C Monzón-Argüello  NS Loureiro  C Delgado  JM Lopes  FA Abreu-Grobois
Institution:
  • a Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sustainability, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
  • b Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Américo Vespucio, s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
  • c Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia — DCTMA — Ed. 8, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
  • d Programa SADA — Sustainable Conservation of the Hawksbill Population at Príncipe Island, Sao Tomé and Príncipe
  • e CIIMAR — Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
  • f Laboratorio de Genética, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Apdo. Postal 811, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82000, Mexico
  • Abstract:The hawksbill turtle is a critically endangered species that has been extensively exploited for centuries. Príncipe Island off western Africa harbours one of the species' major nesting populations in the eastern Atlantic, as well as hosting year-round foraging aggregations of juveniles, subadults and adult males. To gain insight into the population's genetic structure and relationships with regional stocks, we analysed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of nesting females (N = 9), foraging adult females (N = 11), adult males (N = 32), subadults (N = 15) and juveniles (N = 80). The nesting population was found to be fixed for a single haplotype (EATL), which had been previously reported in both western and eastern Atlantic hawksbill foraging sites but had no known rookery source prior to this study. Thus it is now possible to confirm the westward transoceanic movement by hawksbills originating from Príncipe Island. Our analyses demonstrated that the Príncipe Island nesting colony is genetically distinct from breeding populations in the western Atlantic and is phylogenetically linked with Indo-Pacific hawksbill clades, suggesting that Príncipe Island was most likely colonised by migrants from the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope in southern Africa. Mixed stock analyses revealed that the eastern Atlantic appears to be the primary foraging area for Príncipe hawksbills (75%) while most of the foraging juveniles in Príncipe waters originate from the Príncipe rookery (84%). Furthermore, the presence of Caribbean haplotypes at low frequencies (< 5%) suggests that eastward transatlantic movements by juveniles to distant foraging and developmental habitats also take place. Depleted hawksbill populations in the eastern Atlantic combined with the low genetic variability and high genetic distinctiveness found in the Príncipe nesting and foraging aggregations with respect to the western Atlantic, underscore the high degree of isolation and vulnerability of this eastern Atlantic stock. These characteristics are highly relevant for the development of effective conservation programmes and highlight the urgent need to consolidate international cooperation across regional boundaries.
    Keywords:Connectivity  Eretmochelys imbricata  Mitochondrial DNA  Mixed stock analysis  Population structure  Western Africa
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