The effect of dietary nickel on the immune responses of Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae |
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Authors: | Sun Hong-Xia Dang Zhi Xia Qiang Tang Wen-Cheng Zhang Gu-Ren |
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Affiliation: | a State Key Laboratory for Biological Control & Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China b The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education & School of Environmental Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China c Zhuhai Campus, Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519041, China |
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Abstract: | By exposing Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae to nickel (Ni) in artificial diets for successive three generations, we investigated the impacts of the dietary Ni on growth and immune response of the fifth and sixth instar larvae at 24 h intervals. The time of newly moulted fifth instar larvae was labelled as 0 h. After exposure to 5 mg/kg Ni for two generations, Ni exposure significantly improved larval phenoloxidase activity and encapsulation grade in fifth instar larvae when compared to controls, except for encapsulation grade at 72-120 h in the second generation. However, higher concentrations of Ni (≥10 mg/kg) only significantly reduced encapsulation grade at 72-120 h. In the third generation, insects given higher dietary levels of Ni (≥10 mg/kg) showed lower immune responses and retarded relative growth rate (RGR) compared to controls, but those exposed to lower Ni levels (≤5 mg/kg) had a significantly improved encapsulation grade at 24-72 h. Larvae at lower Ni level (≤5 mg/kg) treatments had significantly higher RGR in comparison with that in controls. There was no significant difference in food relative consumption rate (RCR) and RGR among any treatment of the fifth instar larvae in three successive generations. These results indicated that the type and extent of effects on growth and immune responses of S. litura varied with the Ni concentrations and exposure periods. |
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Keywords: | Spodoptera litura Nickel Phenoloxidase Encapsulation |
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