Toll-Like Receptors in Peripheral Blood Cells of Cosmonauts after Long-term Missions on Board the International Space Station

Studies of Toll-like receptors (TLR) in 20 cosmonauts, members of long-term (124- to 199-day) missions on board the International Space Station showed changes in the relative and absolute counts of peripheral blood monocytes with TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6 on their surface, expression of genes TLR2 and TLR6, as well as genes of molecules involved in the TLR signaling pathway and TLR-related NF-κB-, JNK/p38- and IRF pathways on the day of return to Earth. The observed changes displayed individual variability.