Metabolic engineering of menaquinone-8 pathway of Escherichia coli as a microbial platform for vitamin K production

Menaquinone-8 (MK-8, vitamin K) is composed of a non-polar side chain and a polar head group. Escherichia coli was chosen and metabolically engineered as a microbial platform for production of MK-8. MK-8 content in E. coli was significantly enhanced by modulating two precursor pools, which supply a non-polar side chain and a polar head group, and further increased by blocking formation of the competitor ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). Overexpression of E. coli IspA, DXR, or IDI increased MK-8 content up to twofold. A similar positive effect was also observed when E. coli MenA, MenB, MenC, MenD, MenE, MenF, or UbiE was overexpressed. The Q-8-deficient ubiCA mutant enhanced MK-8 content by 30% compared to wild-type E. coli. When MenA or MenD was overexpressed, MK-8 content was enhanced fivefold compared with wild-type E. coli.