Solute Sources in Stream Water during Consecutive Fall Storms in a Northern Hardwood Forest Watershed: A Combined Hydrological, Chemical and Isotopic Approach |
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Authors: | M J Mitchell K B Piatek S Christopher B Mayer C Kendall P Mchale |
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Institution: | (1) College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;(2) Present address: Division of Forestry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;(3) Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada;(4) Water Resources Division, USGS, 345 Middlefield Rd., MS 434, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA |
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Abstract: | Understanding the effects of climate change including precipitation patterns has important implications for evaluating the
biogeochemical responses of watersheds. We focused on four storms in late summer and early fall that occurred after an exceptionally
dry period in 2002. We analyzed not only the influence of these storms on episodic chemistry and the role of different water
sources in affecting surface water chemistry, but also the relative contributions of these storms to annual biogeochemical
mass balances. The study site was a well studied 135-ha watershed in the Adirondack Park of New York State (USA). Our analyses
integrated measurements on hydrology, solute chemistry and the isotopic composition of NO3−(δ15N and δ18O) and SO42−(δ34S and δ18O) to evaluate how these storms affected surface water chemistry. Precipitation amounts varied among the storms (Storm 1:
Sept. 14–18, 18.5 mm; Storm 2: Sept. 21–24, 33 mm; Storm 3: Sept. 27–29, 42.9 mm; Storm 4: Oct. 16–21, 67.6 mm). Among the
four storms, there was an increase in water yields from 2 to 14%. These water yields were much less than in studies of storms
in previous years at this same watershed when antecedent moisture conditions were higher. In the current study, early storms
resulted in relatively small changes in water chemistry. With progressive storms the changes in water chemistry became more
marked with particularly major changes in Cb (sum of base cations), Si, NO3−, and SO42−, DOC and pH. Analyses of the relationships between Si, DOC, discharge and water table height clearly indicated that there
was a decrease in ground water contributions (i.e., lower Si concentrations and higher DOC concentrations) as the watershed
wetness increased with storm succession. The marked changes in chemistry were also reflected in changes in the isotopic composition
of SO42− and NO3−. There was a strong inverse relationship between SO42− concentrations and δ34S values suggesting the importance of S biogeochemical redox processes in contributing to SO42− export. The isotopic composition of NO3− in stream water indicated that this N had been microbially processed. Linkages between SO42− and DOC concentrations suggest that wetlands were major sources of these solutes to drainage waters while the chemical and
isotopic response of NO3− suggested that upland sources were more important. Although these late summer and fall storms did not play a major role in
the overall annual mass balances of solutes for this watershed, these events had distinctive chemistry including depressed
pH and therefore have important consequences to watershed processes such as episodic acidification, and the linkage of these
processes to climate change. |
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Keywords: | Hydrology Isotopes Nitrate Storms Sulfate Watershed |
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