Induction of experimental phenylketonuria-like conditions in chick embryo. Effect on amino acid concentration in brain,liver and plasma

Experimental hyperphenylalaninemia has been induced in chick embryos between 11–20 days of incubation by daily injection of α-methylphenylalanine and phenylalanine. Brain and liver weight decreased after 8 days of treatment. An increase of nearly 14-fold in the brain phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio was observed after 9 days of treatment. Similar results were obtained in liver, although the increase found in this case was smaller than in brain. Chronic hyperphenylalaninemia induced a clear rise in the levels of plasma and liver valine, leucine and isoleucine, while in brain these levels did not change significantly. Plasma and brain glycine content was also enhanced by this treatment. Brain tyrosine concentration was clearly decreased in these conditions, in contrast to the enhancement reported after this and other treatments in various animal species. Thus, the higher value of the brain phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio obtained by α-methylphenylalanine plus phenylalanine administration was due to both an increase in the phenylalanine and a decrease in the tyrosine levels, conditions that have been also found in human phenylketonurics. Therefore, the treatment here reported was an excellent method for imitating the conditions of phenylketonuria during the period of rapid myelination in the chick, one of the most dramatic in nervous system development.