Conjugate for efficient delivery of short interfering RNA (siRNA) into mammalian cells

Cholesterol enrichment of rat liver mitochondria (CHM) impairs atractyloside-induced mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) due to decreased membrane fluidity. In this study we addressed the effect of cholesterol enrichment on MPT induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Superoxide anion generated by xanthine plus xanthine oxidase triggered mitochondrial swelling and cytochrome c release in CHM, which was prevented by butylated hydroxytoluene, an anti-voltage-dependent anion channel antibody, or cyclosporin A. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide generated by the combination of ganglioside GD3 and mitochondrial GSH depletion elicited mitochondrial swelling and release of cytochrome c, Smac/Diablo and apoptosis-inducing factor in control mitochondria and CHM. Thus, ROS induce MPT and apoptosome activation regardless of decreased mitochondrial membrane dynamics due to cholesterol enrichment.