Giant mitochondria in the human myocardium — Morphogenesis and fate

Electron-microscopical examination of myocardial biopsy material obtained from a 58-year-old man revealed giant mitochondria having a length of 30 micron. Such giant mitochondria (also called megamitochondria) evolve by fusion of the membranes of numerous large individual organelles. Initially they are polymorphous and of diverse shapes, but later they are seen to be arranged among and parallel with the filaments of the myocardial fibres, where they present a smooth, cigar-like appearance. Deposits of glycogen in the giant mitochondria result from the accidental inclusion of glycogen granules during fusion. The abundance of cristae, which often form dense stacks in the megamitochondria, is evidence for the genuine synthesis of new cristal material. The aetiological and exact pathogenetic mechanisms of the evolution of giant mitochondria in the myocardium, as also their function, remain unclear. Particularly large specimens are obviously inefficient and disturbing to the cell. They are degraded by autophagy.