Fluorescent nanoparticles as tools in ecology and physiology |
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| Authors: | Sanni M A Färkkilä E Toby Kiers Raivo Jaaniso Uno Mäeorg Roger M Leblanc Kathleen K Treseder Zhenhui Kang Leho Tedersoo |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;2. Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands;3. Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi Str 1, 50411 Tartu, Tartumaa, Estonia;4. Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;5. Department of Chemistry, Cox Science Center, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33124 U.S.A.;6. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 3106 Biological Sciences III, Mail Code: 2525, 92697 Irvine, CA, U.S.A.;7. Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China |
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| Abstract: | Fluorescent nanoparticles (FNPs) have been widely used in chemistry and medicine for decades, but their employment in biology is relatively recent. Past reviews on FNPs have focused on chemical, physical or medical uses, making the extrapolation to biological applications difficult. In biology, FNPs have largely been used for biosensing and molecular tracking. However, concerns over toxicity in early types of FNPs, such as cadmium-containing quantum dots (QDs), may have prevented wide adoption. Recent developments, especially in non-Cd-containing FNPs, have alleviated toxicity problems, facilitating the use of FNPs for addressing ecological, physiological and molecule-level processes in biological research. Standardised protocols from synthesis to application and interdisciplinary approaches are critical for establishing FNPs in the biologists’ tool kit. Here, we present an introduction to FNPs, summarise their use in biological applications, and discuss technical issues such as data reliability and biocompatibility. We assess whether biological research can benefit from FNPs and suggest ways in which FNPs can be applied to answer questions in biology. We conclude that FNPs have a great potential for studying various biological processes, especially tracking, sensing and imaging in physiology and ecology. |
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| Keywords: | quantum dots fluorescent carbon nanoparticles nanotechnology nanoparticles in biology fluorescence techniques alternative quantum dots bioimaging biosensing molecular tracking fluorescent labelling |
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