Transforming growth factor‐β1 requires NADPH oxidase 4 for angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is a key physiological event in organ development and tissue responses to hypoxia but is also involved in pathophysiologies such as tumour growth and retinopathies. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved is important to design strategies for therapeutic intervention. One important regulator of angiogenesis is transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1). In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ROS‐forming NADPH oxidase type 4 (Nox4) have been implicated as additional regulators such as during hypoxia. Here, we show that both processes are indeed mechanistically linked. TGF‐β1‐stimulated Nox4 expression and ROS formation in endothelial cells. In cells from Nox4‐deficient mice, TGF‐β1‐induced cell proliferation, migration and tube formation were abolished. In vivo, TGF‐β1 stimulated growth of blood vessels into sponges implanted subcutaneously, and this angiogenesis was markedly reduced in Nox4 knockout mice. Thus, endothelial cells are regulated by a TGF‐β1 signalling pathway involving Nox4‐derived ROS to promote angiogenesis. In order to abrogate pathological angiogenesis triggered by a multitude of factors, such as TGF‐β1 and hypoxia, Nox4 may thus be an ideal therapeutic target.