Phylogeography of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ceriops tagal</Emphasis> (Rhizophoraceae) in Southeast Asia: the land barrier of the Malay Peninsula has caused population differentiation between the Indian Ocean and South China Sea |
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Authors: | Pei-Chun Liao Sonjai Havanond Shong Huang |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan, R.O.C;(2) Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, Phayathai, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand;(3) No. 88 Ting-Chow Rd., Sect. 4, Taipei, 116, Taiwan, R.O.C |
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Abstract: | The genetic structure of mangrove species is greatly affected by their geographic history. Nine natural populations of Ceriops tagal were collected from Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, and India for this phylogeographic study. Completely different haplotype
compositions on the east versus west coasts of the Malay Peninsula were revealed using the atpB-rbcL and trnL-trnF spacers of chloroplast DNA. The average haplotype diversity (Hd) of the total population was 0.549, nucleotide diversity
(θ) was 0.030, and nucleotide difference (π) was 0.0074. The cladogram constructed by the index of population differentiation
(G
ST) clearly separated the South China Sea populations from the Indian Ocean populations. In the analysis of the minimum spanning
network, the Indian Ocean haplotypes were all derived from South China Sea haplotypes, suggesting a dispersal route of C. tagal from Southeast Asia to South Asia. The Sunda Land river system and surface currents might be accountable for the gene flow
directions in the South China Sea and Bay of Bengal, respectively. The historical geography not only affected the present
genotype distribution but also the evolution of C. tagal. These processes result in the genetic differentiation and the differentiated populations that should be considered as Management
Units (MUs) for conservation measurements instead of random forestation, which might lead to gene mixing and reduction of
genetic variability of mangrove species. According to this phylogeographic study, populations in Borneo, and east and west
Malay Peninsula that have unique genotypes should be considered as distinct MUs, and any activities resulting in gene mixing
with each other ought to be prevented. |
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Keywords: | Ceriops tagal atpB-rbcL trnL-trnF Phylogeography Land barrier Management Units |
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