Direct and indirect effects of body weight on adult wages |
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| Authors: | Euna Han Edward C Norton Lisa M Powell |
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| Institution: | 1. College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Gachon Building, Room 1009, 534-2 Yeonsu3-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, South Korea;2. Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, M3108 SPH II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States;3. Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 611 Tappan St., Lorch Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States;4. Institute for Health Research and Policy and Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Room 449, Chicago, IL 60608, United States;1. Australia South Asia Research Centre, College of Asia & the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia;2. Department of Urban Studies and Planning, MIT, Cambridge, USA;1. Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland;2. Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland;3. Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado;1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, USA;2. School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA;3. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA;4. “La Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy;5. School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia;6. University of Texas School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA;7. Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeti University, Ramallah, West Bank, Occupied Palestinian Territory;8. Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana;9. King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;10. Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia;11. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA;12. University of Oxford, Oxford, UK;13. Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia;14. Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon;15. UNFPA, Kabul, Afghanistan;p. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK;q. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico;r. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA;s. Aga Khan University Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan;t. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia;u. Universidad de Joinville-Univille, Joinville, Brazil;v. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan;w. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK;x. Hospital Dr. Gustavo N. Collado, Chitre, Herrera, Panama;y. University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA;z. Independent Researcher, Long Beach, CA, USA;11. Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India;12. Public Health England, London, UK;13. University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka;14. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA;15. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science (CTRIS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda and Montgomery, MD, USA;16. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda and Montgomery, MD, USA;17. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;18. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;19. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand;110. Department of Diabetes Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;111. University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK;112. Fortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur, India;113. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia;114. Eunice Gibson Polyclinic, Bridgetown, Barbados;115. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden;1p. Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden;1q. Birzeit University, Birzeit, Ramallah, Palestine;1r. Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA;1s. National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan;1t. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA;1u. Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA;1v. VA San Diego, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA;1w. Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea;1x. University of Bristol, Bristol, UK;1y. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany;1z. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA;21. Supreme Council of Health, Doha, Qatar;22. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa;23. Jordan University of Science and Technology, AlRamtha, Jordan;24. Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea;25. Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA;26. Simmons College, Boston, MA, USA;27. The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;28. Department of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiologic Informatics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan;29. Center for Community Empowerment, Health Policy & Informatics, NIHRD, Jakarta, Indonesia;210. Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA;211. Fourth View Consulting, Tallinn, Estonia;212. The National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia;213. National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China;214. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China;215. University of Bari, Bari, Italy;2p. University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;2q. Xpharmconsult, Kumasi, Ghana;2r. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;2s. University of Crete, Crete, Greece;2t. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh;2u. Ministry of Health, Suva, Republic of Fiji;2v. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA;2w. Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;2x. African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya;2y. Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India;2z. BARC Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India;31. Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Seoul, Korea;32. Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul, Korea;33. Korea University, Seoul, Korea;34. University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;35. Finnish institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland;36. Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK;37. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA;38. Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia;39. National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia;310. University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA USA;311. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA;312. NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA;313. Health Care Center of Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo City, Japan;314. African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya;315. UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland;3p. University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia;3q. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Enfermagem, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil;3r. National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia;3s. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway;3t. Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;3u. Shandong University affiliated Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, China;3v. Institute of Medical Sociology and Social Medicine, Marburg, Hessen, Germany;3w. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA;3x. Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan;3y. Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China;3z. Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China;1. Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8100, St Louis, MO 63110, USA;2. Division of Biological and Public Health Sciences, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, Campus Box V, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA;1. Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA;2. Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA;3. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA;4. Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA |
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| Abstract: | Previous estimates of the association between body weight and wages in the literature have been conditional on education and occupation. In addition to the effect of current body weight status (body mass index (BMI) or obesity) on wages, this paper examines the indirect effect of body weight status in the late-teenage years on wages operating through education and occupation choice. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data, for women, we find that a one-unit increase in BMI is directly associated with 1.83% lower hourly wages whereas the indirect BMI wage penalty is not statistically significant. Neither a direct nor an indirect BMI wage penalty is found for men. However, results based on clinical weight classification reveal that the indirect wage penalty occurs to a larger extent at the upper tail of the BMI distribution for both men and women via the pathways of education and occupation outcomes. Late-teen obesity is indirectly associated with 3.5% lower hourly wages for both women and men. These results are important because they imply that the total effect of obesity on wages is significantly larger than has been estimated in previous cross-sectional studies. |
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