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Microspore embryogenesis in barley: anther pre-treatment stimulates plant defence gene expression
Authors:Cédric Jacquard  Florence Mazeyrat-Gourbeyre  Pierre Devaux  Kim Boutilier  Fabienne Baillieul  Christophe Clément
Institution:(1) Laboratoire Stress Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, URVVC UPRES EA 2069, UFR Sciences, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France;(2) Laboratoire Biotechnologies, Florimond Desprez, BP 41, 59242 Cappelle en Pévèle, France;(3) Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
Abstract:Microspore embryogenesis (ME) is a process in which the gametophytic pollen programme of the microspore is reorientated towards a new embryo sporophytic programme. This process requires a stress treatment, usually performed in the anther or isolated microspores for several days. Despite the universal use of stress to induce ME, very few studies have addressed the physiological processes that occur in the anther during this step. To further understand the processes triggered by stress treatment, we followed the response of anthers by measuring the expression of stress-related genes in two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars differing in their ME response. Genes encoding enzymes involved in oxidative stress (glutathione-S-transferase, GST; oxalate oxidase, OxO), in the synthesis of jasmonic acid (13-lipoxygenase, Lox; allene oxide cyclase, AOC; allene oxide synthase, AOS) and in the phenylpropanoid pathway (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, PAL), as well as those encoding PR proteins (Barwin, chitinase 2b, Chit 2b; glucanase, Gluc; basic pathogenesis-related protein 1, PR1; pathogenesis-related protein 10, PR10) were up-regulated in whole anthers upon stress treatment, indicating that anther perceives stress and reacts by triggering general plant defence mechanisms. In particular, both OxO and Chit 2b genes are good markers of anther reactivity owing to their high level of induction during the stress treatment. The effect of copper sulphate appeared to limit the expression of defence-related genes, which may be correlated with its positive effect on the yield of microspore embryos.
Keywords:Anther culture  Barley  Cold pre-treatment  Copper  Defence mechanisms  Starvation  Stress
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