Hybridization and population structure of the Culex pipiens complex in the islands of Macaronesia |
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Authors: | Bruno Gomes Joana Alves Carla A Sousa Marta Santa-Ana Inês Vieira Teresa L Silva António Pg Almeida Martin J Donnelly João Pinto |
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Affiliation: | 1. Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, , 1349‐008 Lisbon, Portugal;2. Centro de Malária e outras Doen?as Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, , 1349‐008 Lisbon, Portugal;3. Direc??o‐Geral da Saúde Ministério da Saúde, , CP 47 Praia, Cabo Verde;4. Unidade de Parasitologia e Microbiologia Médicas, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, , 1349‐008 Lisbon, Portugal;5. Centro de Estudos da Macaronésia, Universidade da Madeira, , 9000‐390 Funchal, Portugal;6. Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, , Liverpool, L3 5QA UK |
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Abstract: | The Culex pipiens complex includes two widespread mosquito vector species, Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The distribution of these species varies in latitude, with the former being present in temperate regions and the latter in tropical and subtropical regions. However, their distribution range overlaps in certain areas and interspecific hybridization has been documented. Genetic introgression between these species may have epidemiological repercussions for West Nile virus (WNV) transmission. Bayesian clustering analysis based on multilocus genotypes of 12 microsatellites was used to determine levels of hybridization between these two species in Macaronesian islands, the only contact zone described in West Africa. The distribution of the two species reflects both the islands' biogeography and historical aspects of human colonization. Madeira Island displayed a homogenous population of Cx. pipiens, whereas Cape Verde showed a more intriguing scenario with extensive hybridization. In the islands of Brava and Santiago, only Cx. quinquefasciatus was found, while in Fogo and Maio high hybrid rates (~40%) between the two species were detected. Within the admixed populations, second-generation hybrids (~50%) were identified suggesting a lack of isolation mechanisms. The observed levels of hybridization may locally potentiate the transmission to humans of zoonotic arboviruses such as WNV. |
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Keywords: | Culex pipiens Culex quinquefasciatus hybridization Macaronesian islands West Nile virus |
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