Lehr's fields of campaniform sensilla in beetles (Coleoptera): Functional morphology. III. Modification of elytral mobility or shape in flying beetles |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Ethology and Social Biology of Insects, Schmalhausen-Institute of Zoology, B. Chmielnicki Street 15, 01601 Kiev, Ukraine;2. Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24098 Kiel, Germany;3. Institute for Evolutionary Ecology, Acad. Lebedev Street 37, 03143 Kiev, Ukraine;1. Medical Faculty, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;3. Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;4. Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz A-8010, Austria;1. Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per l''Agrobiologia e la Pedologia (CRA-ABP), via di Lanciola 12/a, Cascine del Riccio, 50125 Firenze, Italy;2. Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;1. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan;2. Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1278-294 Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan;1. Institut Jean Lamour, CNRS Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France;2. Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, CNRS Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France;3. Microscopie Electronique et Analytique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France;4. Insectarium-Citadelle de Besançon, Besançon, France;5. Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal |
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| Abstract: | Some flying beetles have peculiar functional properties of their elytra, if compared with the vast majority of beetles. A “typical” beetle covers its pterothorax and the abdomen from above with closed elytra and links closed elytra together along the sutural edges. In the open state during flight, the sutural edges diverge much more than by 90°. Several beetles of unrelated taxa spread wings through lateral incisions on the elytra and turn the elytron during opening about 10–12° (Cetoniini, Scarabaeus, Gymnopleurus) or elevate their elytra without partition (Sisyphus, Tragocerus). The number of campaniform sensilla in their elytral sensory field is diminished in comparison with beetles of closely related taxa lacking that incision. Elytra are very short in rove beetles and in long-horn beetles Necydalini. The abundance of sensilla in brachyelytrous long-horn beetles Necydalini does not decrease in comparison with macroelytrous Cerambycinae. Strong reduction of the sensory field was found in brachyelytrous Staphylinidae. Lastly, there are beetles lacking the linkage of the elytra down the sutural edge (stenoelytry). Effects of stenoelytry were also not uniform: Oedemera and flying Meloidae have the normal amount of sensilla with respect to their body size, whereas the sensory field in the stenoelytrous Eulosia bombyliformis is 5–6 times less than in chafers of the same size but with normally linking broad elytra. |
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| Keywords: | Insect flight Coleoptera Campaniform sensilla Limited elytral mobility Brachyelytry Stenoelytry |
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