Linguistic and maternal genetic diversity are not correlated in Native Mexicans |
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Authors: | Karla Sandoval Leonor Buentello-Malo Rosenda Peñaloza-Espinosa Heriberto Avelino Antonio Salas Francesc Calafell David Comas |
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Institution: | 1.Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC),CEXS-UPF-PRBB,Barcelona,Spain;2.Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Mexico City,Mexico;3.Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana,Centro Medico Nacional, Siglo XXI, IMSS,Mexico City,Mexico;4.Department of Linguistics,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology,Leipzig,Germany;5.Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Medicina Legal, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina,Universidade de Santiago de Compostela,Galicia,Spain;6.CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública,Barcelona,Spain |
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Abstract: | Mesoamerica, defined as the broad linguistic and cultural area from middle southern Mexico to Costa Rica, might have played
a pivotal role during the colonization of the American continent. The Mesoamerican isthmus has constituted an important geographic
barrier that has severely restricted gene flow between North and South America in pre-historical times. Although the Native
American component has been already described in admixed Mexican populations, few studies have been carried out in native
Mexican populations. In this study, we present mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data for the first hypervariable region
(HVR-I) in 477 unrelated individuals belonging to 11 different native populations from Mexico. Almost all of the Native Mexican
mtDNAs could be classified into the four pan-Amerindian haplogroups (A2, B2, C1, and D1); only two of them could be allocated
to the rare Native American lineage D4h3. Their haplogroup phylogenies are clearly star-like, as expected from relatively
young populations that have experienced diverse episodes of genetic drift (e.g., extensive isolation, genetic drift, and founder
effects) and posterior population expansions. In agreement with this observation, Native Mexican populations show a high degree
of heterogeneity in their patterns of haplogroup frequencies. Haplogroup X2a was absent in our samples, supporting previous
observations where this clade was only detected in the American northernmost areas. The search for identical sequences in
the American continent shows that, although Native Mexican populations seem to show a closer relationship to North American
populations, they cannot be related to a single geographical region within the continent. Finally, we did not find significant
population structure in the maternal lineages when considering the four main and distinct linguistic groups represented in
our Mexican samples (Oto-Manguean, Uto-Aztecan, Tarascan, and Mayan), suggesting that genetic divergence predates linguistic
diversification in Mexico. |
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