Changes in DNA methylation levels during seed development in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Jatropha curcas</Emphasis>

The antiviral action of natural killer (NK) cells is regulated by a wide repertoire of germ-line encoded membrane receptors which recognize the expression of certain self-molecules on target cells. Among the receptors, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) which recognizes the expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I has a predominant role in regulating the effector functions of NK cells, particularly in viral infections. We studied a total of 128 hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients (15 acute, 43 asymptomatic, 27 chronic and 43 with other liver diseases) while attending the Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai, India, and 128 ethnic matched control to find the association between the KIR : HLA genes and differential manifestations of HBV. KIR and its ligand HLA polymorphism were identified by DNA-PCR methods. The activatory receptor KIR-2DS1 was significantly elevated in various disease categories, namely asymptomatic, chronic and other HBV, except acute HBV infection. Whereas, KIR 2DS3 in acute and chronic patients and KIR 2DS5 and 3DS1 in asymptomatic individuals. Among various KIR–HLA combinations, homozygous 2DS2:C1 and individuals with 3DSI:BW4 (OR = 3.23, CI = 1.55–6.7, Pc = 0.02) are associated with HBV asymptomatism, while most of the two domain inhibitory receptors with their ligands showed significant risk in other liver diseases. Further, KIR3DL1 : HLA Bw4Iso80 (OR = 3.89, 95% CI = 1.58–9.55, Pc = 0.004) is related with higher risk for asymptomatic infection when compared with chronic HBV. Thus, the select KIR : HLA alleles and combinations seem to direct the NK cell activities and immune response in different directions resulting in varied symptoms and manifestations in the subgroups of HBV-infected patients studied.