Microcalcifications,calcium-sensing receptor,and cancer |
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| Affiliation: | 1. INSERM Unit 1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France;2. Urology Department, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75014, France;1. Department of Paediatrics, The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100101, China;2. Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, BaYi Children’s Hospital of PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China;3. Department of Clinical Experiment, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command & Hubei Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Tumor and Intervention, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China;4. Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute and Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangdong, 510080, China;5. Neonatal Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China;1. KU Leuven, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;2. KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Japan;2. Department of Periodontology Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University;3. Section of Dentistry, Fukuoka Tokushukai Medical Center, Japan;4. Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Japan;5. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fukuoka Dental College, Japan;6. Section of Urology, Spinal Injuries Center, Japan;7. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sasebo Kyosai Hospital, Nabasaki, Japan;8. Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Calcium stones and calculi are observed in numerous human tissues. They are the result of deposition of calcium salts and are due to high local calcium concentrations. Prostatic calculi are usually classified as endogenous or extrinsic stones. Endogenous stones are commonly caused by obstruction of the prostatic ducts around an enlarged prostate resulting from benign prostatic hyperplasia or from chronic inflammation. The latter occurs mainly around the urethra and is generally caused by reflux of urine into the prostate. Calcium concentrations higher than in the plasma at sites of infection may induce the chemotactic response that eventually leads to recruitment of inflammatory cells. The calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) may be crucial for this recruitment as its expression and activity are increased by cytokines such as IL-6 and high extracellular calcium concentrations, respectively. The links between calcium calculi, inflammation, calcium supplementation, and CaSR functions in prostate cancer patients will be discussed in this review. |
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| Keywords: | Prostate cancer Benign prostate hyperplasia Inflammation Calcium Calculi Calcium stones Calcium sensing receptor |
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