Behavioral and genomic characterization of molt-sleep in the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;2. Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;3. Department of Statistics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;4. Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91768, USA;1. Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China;2. Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States;3. Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA, 2881 F/B Road, College Station, TX 77845, United States;4. Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;1. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;2. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;3. Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;4. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, 21941-599 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;1. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA;2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA;1. Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA;2. Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability Director Center for Exploration and Travel Health, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Dr., Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA;1. Dept. New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70563 Stuttgart, Germany;2. Institute of Structures and Design, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38–40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany |
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| Abstract: | During the transition from feeding to molting, larval insects undergo profound changes in behavior and patterns of gene expression regulated by the neuroendocrine system. For some species, a distinctive characteristic of molting larvae is presence of a quiescent state sometimes referred to as “molt-sleep”. Here, observations of 4th instar Manduca sexta larvae indicate the molting period involves a predominantly quiescent state that shares behavioral properties of adult insect sleep in that it is rapidly reversible and accompanied by a reduced responsiveness to both mildly arousing and noxious stimuli. When subjected to noxious stimuli, molting larvae exhibit locomotory and avoidance behaviors similar to those of inter-molt larvae. Although less consolidated, inter-molt quiescence shares many of the same behavioral traits with molting quiescence. However, when subjected to deprivation of quiescence, inter-molt larvae display a compensatory rebound behavior that is not detected in molting larvae. This suggests that molting quiescence is a specialized form of inactivity that affords survival advantages to molting larvae. RNA-seq analysis of molting larvae shows general reduction in expression of genes encoding GPCRs and down regulation of genes connected with cyclic nucleotide signaling. On the other hand, certain ion channel genes are up-regulated, including transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, chloride channels and a voltage-dependent calcium channel. These findings suggest patterns of gene expression consistent with elevation of quiescent state characteristic of the molt in a model holometabolous insect. |
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