Increased immunogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus gp120 engineered to express Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R epitopes

The glycan shield comprised of multiple carbohydrate chains on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein gp120 helps the virus to evade neutralizing antibodies. The present study describes a novel method for increasing immunogenicity of gp120 vaccine by enzymatic replacement of sialic acid on these carbohydrate chains with Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R (alpha-gal) epitopes. These epitopes are ligands for the natural anti-Gal antibody constituting approximately 1% of immunoglobulin G in humans. We hypothesize that vaccination with gp120 expressing alpha-gal epitopes (gp120(alphagal)) results in in vivo formation of immune complexes with anti-Gal, which targets vaccines for effective uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APC), due to interaction between the Fc portion of the antibody and Fcgamma receptors on APC. This in turn results in effective transport of the vaccine to lymph nodes and effective processing and presentation of gp120 immunogenic peptides by APC for eliciting a strong anti-gp120 immune response. This hypothesis was tested in alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout mice, which produce anti-Gal. Mice immunized with gp120(alphagal) produced anti-gp120 antibodies in titers that were >100-fold higher than those measured in mice immunized with comparable amounts of gp120 and effectively neutralized HIV. T-cell response, measured by ELISPOT, was much higher in mice immunized with gp120(alphagal) than in mice immunized with gp120. It is suggested that gp120(alphagal) can serve as a platform for anti-Gal-mediated targeting of additional vaccinating HIV proteins fused to gp120(alphagal), thereby creating effective prophylactic vaccines.