饲养条件下川金丝猴群中主雄的移除和替换对社群行为的影响

在上海野生动物园对一群半散养的川金丝猴进行了为期一年的行为学研究。在此期间,猴群中发生了4起家庭主雄被移除和替代事件和一个雌性群因繁殖需要引入一个成年雄猴的事件,该过程在饲养条件下首次被完整记录。观察发现,繁殖群中,在家庭主雄猴的健康状况良好期间,群中各雄性成员间的社会等级关系相当稳定,很少变动。主雄猴有效地控制着群体的秩序,并严格地看护着其家庭中的雌猴免受其他雄猴的侵扰,而且它也很少对其他低序位雄猴主动攻击。全雄群中则再由一个高序位雄猴控制其他低序位雄猴。疾病、衰老、前主雄猴的存在以及被饲养人员从群中移除进行治疗等都可能引起猴群社会发生很大动荡,尤其是全雄群中各雄猴的社会等级序位发生剧烈改变,甚至发生家庭主雄的替代。在本报道中,人为因素在主雄替代过程中起着主要作用。主雄替代一旦成功,新主雄会把原主雄赶入全雄群,攻击追撵其他低序位雄猴,并彻底与全雄群完全脱离。对于每一个新主雄,家庭中的雌猴对其的接纳表现出明显的选择倾向。雌性性选择可能是野生猴群中新家庭群建立一种内在基础机制,同时提示偷配发生的可能性。

Effects of temporary removal and replacement of the alpha male on social behavior of the captive Sichuan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus roxellana

Relations among primate males are often characterized by antagonism and competition because their reproductive success depends upon obtaining access to receptive females.Males should therefore attempt to monopolize access to this non-shareable resource(Trivers,1972).The monopolisation potential among males is often uneven,leading to formalized dominance hierarchies,differential mating success or reproductive skew(Bercovitch,1991;Borries,1997;Johnstone et al.,1999;Cowlishaw and Dunbar,1991).Deviations from this basic scheme have been noted recently,especially that affiliations do occur among males as well(van Hooff and van Schaik,1994;van Hooff,2000)and that dominance and reproductive success are not always interrelated(Berard et al.,1993;Inoue et al.,1993).