Sea-surface temperature for left-coiling Neogloboquadrina populations inhabiting the westernmost Mediterranean in the middle Pleistocene and the Pleistocene-Pliocene transition

Using the modern analog methodology applied to planktonic foraminifers, we analyze the relation between the frequency of the coiling type in Neogloboquadrina populations and the sea-surface temperatures (SST) during the middle Pleistocene and the Pleistocene-Pliocene transition in the Alboran Sea (westernmost Mediterranean), close to the Atlantic connection. The results reveal that the present-day positive correlation between the two variables (r = 0.649) is maintained even with a higher coefficient (r = 0.783) in the middle Pleistocene but falls slightly (r = 0.517) in the Pleistocene-Pliocene transition due mainly to a dispersal of the temperatures for the samples bearing predominantly left-coiling Neogloboquadrina. The temperature used as a reference for the coiling change resulted 5-6 °C above its North Atlantic present-day reciprocal, but these thermal differences could be caused by: i) a slight overestimate (1–2 °C) due to the lumping of all neogloboquadrinids into a single variable when SST are estimated; ii) only the warmer range of temperatures for the left-coiling populations would be represented in the samples; and iii) a remarkable warming inside the westernmost Mediterranean during the summer stage mixing cold and warm assemblages in bottom sediments. In addition, these results in combination with those derived from the isotopic analyses (δ¹⁸O) in G. bulloides tests, suggest that during the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition two different populations of left-coiling Neogloboquadrina could have existed with different environmental requirements: one, derived from late Miocene-Pliocene (i.e., left-coiling N. acostaensis group), and another being the ancestor of the modern N. pachyderma (left-coiling). Similarity analyses were achieved in order to locate the position of the core-tops with the assemblages most analogous to those of the fossil samples containing left-coiling Neogloboquadrina. The results reinforce the idea that the presence of these forms in the Mediterranean during the intervals studied would be related mainly to the input of cold waters from the North Atlantic during glacial stages, although it could be secondarily favored by the establishment of upwelling conditions, as in the present-day North Alboran waters.