Tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption as risk factors for thymoma – A European case-control study |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Oncology, Lund University, and Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden;2. Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark;3. Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark;4. Institute of Pathology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark;5. Medical Oncology Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal;6. Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiologic Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany;7. Department of Health Information and Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal;8. Centre de recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Inserm U1018, France;9. Cancer and Environment Team, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France;10. Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Clinic Essen, Germany;11. Unit of Public Health and Environmental Care, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain;12. CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain;13. Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Centre for Oncologic Prevention, University of Turin, Italy;14. Registre des Tumeurs de l´Hérault, Montpellier, France;15. Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden;p. Department of Oncology, University of Padua, Italy;q. Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Denmark;1. Moffitt Cancer Center, Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, 4115 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33617, United States;2. Moffitt Cancer Center, Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States;3. Moffitt Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States;4. Moffitt Cancer Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States;5. University of South Florida, Department of Family Medicine, 13330 USF Laurel Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States;6. University of South Florida, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, 13201 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, United States;8. University of Florida, Department of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Rd., Gainesville, FL 32608, United States;9. University of Florida Health, Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, 2004 Mowry Road, Ste 2245, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States;10. University of Florida Health, Cancer Population Sciences, 2004 Mowry Road, Ste 2245, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States;1. Centre for Big Data Research in Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia;2. Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia;3. School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia;4. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia;5. Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia;6. Cancer Voices NSW, NSW, Australia;1. Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States;2. Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Durham, NC, United States;3. Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States;4. Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States;5. Biospecimen Processing Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States;6. Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States;7. Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States;8. Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States;9. Showers Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorder, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH, United States;10. Department of Biostatistics, Colleges of Medicine and Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Children’s Oncology Group Statistics & Data Center, Gainesville, FL, United States;11. Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110;1. Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany;2. Section of Cancer Information, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France;3. Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe School of Medicine, Harare, Zimbabwe;4. Department of Pathology, Maputo Central Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique;5. CTSU, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FL, United Kingdom;6. African Cancer Registry Network, 267 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7HT, United Kingdom;1. Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China;2. Department of Medical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing China;3. State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;4. State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China;1. Division of Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Division of Cytopathology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research (ICMR-NICPR), I-7, Sector-39, Noida, India;2. National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India;3. Human Diagnostics R & D, DSS Imagetech Private Limited, New Delhi, India;4. Awadh Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, India;5. Department of Surgical Oncology & Department of Research, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre, New Delhi, India;6. Division of Cytopathology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research (ICMR-NICPR), I-7, Sector-39, Noida, India;7. Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India |
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| Abstract: | PurposeHardly anything is known about the aetiology of thymoma. This paper presents data regarding tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption in relation to thymoma from the first case-control study performed on this rare tumour.MethodsA European multi-centre case-control study including incident cases aged 35–69 years with thymoma between 1995 and 1997, was conducted in seven countries. A set of controls, used in seven parallel case-control studies by the same research group was used, including population-based controls from five countries and hospital controls with colon cancer from two countries. Altogether 103 cases, accepted by a reference pathologist, 712 colon cancer controls, and 2071 population controls were interviewed.ResultsTobacco smoking was moderately related with thymoma (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.9–2.2), and a tendency to dose-response was shown (p = 0.04), with an increased risk for heavy smokers defined as ≥41 pack-years (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1–3.9). A high consumption of spirits defined as ≥25 g of alcohol per day was associated with an increased risk of thymoma (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1–5.4), whereas no association was found with beer or wine.ConclusionsTobacco smoking and a high intake of spirits were indicated as risk factors for thymoma. |
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| Keywords: | Thymoma Thymus cancer Tobacco smoking Alcohol Risk factors Case-control study |
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