Comparison of salinity tolerance of three Atriplex spp. in well-watered and drying soils |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Environmental Research Laboratory of the University of Arizona, 2601 East Airport Drive, Tucson, AZ 85707, United States;2. Desert Botanical Garden, 1201 N. Galvin Parkway, Phoenix, AZ 85008, United States;1. Laboratoire des Plantes Extremophiles (LPE), Centre de Biotechnologies de la Technopole de Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia;2. Departamento de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain;3. Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;1. Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy;2. IBIMET-CNR, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy;3. Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional & Bioinformática, Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, 8820808 La Pintana, Santiago, Chile;4. Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy;1. School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;2. UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;1. U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 21803 Cactus Ave., Suite F, Riverside, CA 92518, USA;2. U.S. Bureau of Land Management, California State Office, 2800 Cottage Way, Room 1928, Sacramento, CA 95825, USA;1. Facultad de Agronomía en Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile;2. Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Chile;3. Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile;4. Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium |
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| Abstract: | Members of the Chenopodiaceae are well adapted to both salt and drought stress and can serve as model species to understand the mechanisms of tolerance in plants. We grew Atriplex hortensis (ATHO), A. canescens (ATCA), and A. lentiformis (ATLE) along a NaCL salinity gradient under non-water-limited conditions and in drying soils in greenhouse experiments. The species differed in photosynthetic carbon fixation pathway, capacity for sodium uptake, and habitat preferences. Under non-water-limited conditions, ATLE (C4) maintained high growth rates up to 30 g L−1 NaCl. ATHO (C3) had lower growth than ATLE at high salinities, while ATCA (C4) grew more slowly than either ATLE or ATHO and showed no net growth above 20 g L−1 NaCl. ATHO and ATLE accumulated twice as much sodium in their shoots as ATCA, but all three species had increasing sodium levels at higher salinities. Potassium, magnesium and calcium levels were relatively constant over the salinity gradient. All three species showed marked accumulation of chloride across the salinity gradient, whereas nitrate, phosphorous and sulfate decreased with salinity. The effect of drought was simulated by growing plants in sealed pots with an initial charge of water plus NaCl, and allowing them to grow to the end point at which they no longer were able to extract water from the soil solution. Drought and salinity were not additive stress factors for Atriplex spp. in this experiment. NaCl increased their ability to extract water from the soil solution compared to fresh water controls. ATLE showed increased shoot dry matter production and increased water use efficiency (WUE) as initial salinity levels increased from 0 to 30 g L−1 NaCl, whereas dry matter production and WUE peaked at 5 g L−1 for ATHO and ATCA. Final soil moisture salinities tolerated by species were 85 g L−1, 55 g L−1 and 160 g L−1 NaCl for ATHO, ATCA and ATLE, respectively. C4 photosynthesis and sodium accumulation in shoots were associated with high drought and salt tolerance. |
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