Heavy metals in soil affect reproductive processes more than morphological characters in Viola tricolor |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University, 52 Grodzka St., 31-044 Cracow, Poland;2. Department of Systematic Botany, Silesian University, 26/28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032 Katowice, Poland;3. Laboratory of Scanning Electron Microscopy, 26/28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032 Katowice, Poland;1. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 8, 90128, Palermo, Italy;2. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Architettura, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Viale Marengo, 2, 09123, Cagliari, Italy;1. Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology of Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, China;2. Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität, D-44780 Bochum, Germany;1. Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Italy;2. Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria;3. Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, Bulgaria;4. Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Volatile Compound Facility, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Italy;5. Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bio-resources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Italy;6. Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Austria;7. The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Rome, Italy;1. Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China;2. School of Chinese Materia Medica and Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, People’s Republic of China;3. School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People’s Republic of China |
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| Abstract: | Viola tricolor (Violaceae), a species very differentiated morphologically and showing intra- and interpopulation variability, occupies metalliferous (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu) and nonmetalliferous sites through its geographic range. Here we analyzed morphological and anatomical features and also sexual reproduction in metallicolous and nonmetallicolous populations to determine whether and how they differ.Two-dimensional correspondence analysis based on selected morphological characters of vegetative and generative organs showed that plants from metalliferous soils did not form a compact group separated from those growing on nonmetalliferous soils. SEM of leaf and stipule anatomy showed differences in leaf hair ornamentation. There were significant differences in embryological processes in ovules and anthers: disturbed microsporogenesis (metallicolous 33% vs. nonmetallicolous 18%), lower pollen stainability (75% and 78% vs. 84% and 93%, depending on test), and higher frequency of degeneration in ovules (23% vs. 4%). These ultimately did not impede sexual reproduction of metallicolous populations but they do provide evidence that reproductive processes are sensitive to elevated heavy metals in soil and therefore can be viewed as a cost of metal tolerance. |
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