On-line detection of root-induced volatiles in Brassica nigra plants infested with Delia radicum L. root fly larvae |
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| Institution: | 1. Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;2. Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands;3. Department of Ecogenomics, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;1. CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Australia;2. The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, Australia;3. The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Australia;4. CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Werribee, Australia;1. Department of Entomology, Purdue University, United States;2. Department of Bioagricultural Sciences & Pest Management, Colorado State University, United States;1. Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855, Athens, Attica, Greece;2. Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou str., Nea Ionia, 38446, Magnissia, Greece;3. Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupolis, 45110, Ioannina, Greece;1. Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-275, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico;2. Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, NY, USA;3. Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, NY, USA |
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| Abstract: | Plants emit various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) upon herbivore attack. These VOC emissions often show temporal dynamics which may influence the behavior of natural enemies using these volatiles as cues. This study analyzes on-line VOC emissions by roots of Brassica nigra plants under attack by cabbage root fly larvae, Delia radicum. Root emitted VOCs were detected using Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). These analyses showed that several sulfur containing compounds, such as methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) and glucosinolate breakdown products, such as thiocyanates (TC) and isothiocyanates (ITC), were emitted by the roots in response to infestation. The emissions were subdivided into early responses, emerging within 1–6 h after infestation, and late responses, evolving only after 6–12 h. The marker for rapid responses was detected at m/z 60. The ion detected at m/z 60 was identified as thiocyanic acid, which is also a prominent fragment in some TC or ITC spectra. The emission of m/z 60 stopped when the larvae had pupated, which makes it an excellent indicator for actively feeding larvae. Methanethiol, DMS and DMDS levels increased much later in infested roots, indicating that activation of enzymes or genes involved in the production of these compounds may be required. Earlier studies have shown that both early and late responses can play a role in tritrophic interactions associated with Brassica species. Moreover, the identification of these root induced responses will help to design non-invasive analytical procedures to assess root infestations. |
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