Phonological-dependent territorial responses in yellowhammers (Emberiza citrinella) |
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Authors: | Giret Nicolas Nitsch Aïda Nagle Laurent |
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Affiliation: | Laboratoire d’Ethologie et Cognition Comparées, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, 200, avenue de la République, 92001 Nanterre Cedex, France |
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Abstract: | In songbirds, males sing to attract potential mate and to defend their territory. Information about the sender such as its sex, its motivational state, its strength or identity can be encoded through subtle modifications in songs. In this study, we investigated whether territorial responses of yellowhammer males may be affected by modifications of song syntax and phonology. Yellowhammer song is mainly composed of three elements among which the last one is a long and low frequency note that is supposed to be the main component used by males to assess their potential rival. We carried out field experiments and played back either fully natural songs or partly natural and partly artificial songs to test this hypothesis. We identified that phonology rather than syntax modifications altered territorial responses. Our results also suggest that the phonology of the first song element plays a critical role in driving territorial responses. |
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Keywords: | Abbreviations: NS, natural song AS, artificial song NS1A, natural song &ndash Experiment 1 &ndash structure A NS1B, natural song &ndash Experiment 1 &ndash structure B NS1C, natural song &ndash Experiment 1 &ndash structure C AS1A, artificial song &ndash Experiment 1 &ndash structure A AS1B, artificial song &ndash Experiment 1 &ndash structure B AS1C, artificial song &ndash Experiment 1 &ndash structure C NS2A, natural song &ndash Experiment 2 &ndash structure A NS2B, natural song &ndash Experiment 2 &ndash structure B NS2C, natural song &ndash Experiment 2 &ndash structure C AS2A, artificial song &ndash Experiment 2 &ndash structure A AS2B, artificial song &ndash Experiment 2 &ndash structure B AS2C, artificial song &ndash Experiment 2 &ndash structure C PCA, principal component analysis PC, principal component |
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