Composition and functional properties of propolis (bee glue): A review |
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| Authors: | Syed Ishtiaq Anjum Amjad Ullah Khalid Ali Khan Mohammad Attaullah Hikmatullah Khan Hussain Ali Muhammad Amjad Bashir Muhammad Tahir Mohammad Javed Ansari Hamed A Ghramh Nuru Adgaba Chandra Kanta Dash |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;2. Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;4. Department of Zoology, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;5. Entomology Section, Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), Tarnab, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;6. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Punjab, Pakistan;7. Faculty of Marin Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Baluchistan, Pakistan;8. Bee Research Chair, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;9. Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad, 244001, India;10. Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;11. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3300, Bangladesh |
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| Abstract: | Propolis is a natural substance collected by honey bees from various plants such as, poplar, palm, pine, conifer secretions, gums, resins, mucilage and leaf buds. It is collected and brought very painstakingly by honey bees to be used for sealing cracks and crevices occurring in their hives. Originally, it as an antiseptic meant for preventing bee-hive from microbial infections along with preventing decomposition of intruders. Additionally, propolis has been used in folk medicine for centuries. The biological characteristics of propolis depend upon its chemical composition, plant sources, geographical zone and seasons. More than 300 compounds have been identified in propolis such as, phenolic compounds, aromatic acids, essential oils, waxes and amino acids. Many scientific articles are published every year in different international journals, and several groups of researchers have focused their attention on the chemical compounds and biological activity of propolis. |
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| Keywords: | Corresponding author Propolis Chemical composition Physical properties Antimicrobial activities Biomedical applications |
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