Two daily melatonin injections differentially induce nonshivering thermogenesis and gonadal regression in the mouse (Peromyscus leucopus)

Female white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were injected twice daily with 5, 10, 50, 100 micrograms melatonin (MEL) or saline. Injections were given for 7 weeks at 2 and 12 hours after lights-on under a long day (LD 16:8) photoperiod. Afternoon administration of MEL induced gonadal regression, although a dose of 50 micrograms or more was necessary to obtain a maximal response. A 5 micrograms MEL injection in the afternoon resulted in intermediate reproductive tract weights. In white-footed mice a morning MEL injection did not abolish the reproductive regression induced by an afternoon injection. Mice receiving 10, 50 or 100 micrograms MEL daily exhibited increased nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), irrespective of the timing of the injection. Daily injections of 5 micrograms MEL had little effect on NST. These observations suggest that "up and down regulation" of MEL receptors may not be important in P. leucopus. Further, the mechanism by which MEL controls reproduction is different from that for NST.