Three-year field response of drip-irrigated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., cv. Tempranillo) to soil salinity

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of Fe deficiency on the activity of several metabolic enzymes (PEPC, PK, PFK, G6PDH and G3PDH), along with the function of the antioxidant enzymes (SK, SDH and PAL) in two lines of Medicago ciliaris, TN11.11 and TN8.7. Plants were grown in a greenhouse under controlled conditions. After germination and pre-treatment, plants were transferred for hydroponic culture. Three treatments were used: 30 μM Fe (+Fe), 0 μM Fe (?Fe) and 30 μM Fe + 10 mM NaHCO₃ (+Bic.). Our results showed that all the enzymatic activities increased in extracts of Fe-deficient roots when compared to the control. The above increases in the activity were particularly evident for the bicarbonate-treated roots of TN11.11. PEPC activity was increased by 277% in TN11.11 plants with the addition of bicarbonate to the nutrient solution. Our results indicate also that, in the two lines of Medic, the activity of SK, SDH and PAL in leaves and roots were increased under Fe deficiency (either direct or induced by bicarbonate), to a greater extent in TN11.11 plants. Furthermore, a considerable increase in lipid peroxidation of roots and leaves of Fe-deficient plants was observed in TN8.7 when compared to TN11.11 plants. Our data suggest that the TN11.11 line is more effective in overcoming Fe deficiency than TN8.7. The tolerance of TN11.11 to Fe deficiency is related to its ability to modulate the carbohydrate metabolism and to increase secondary metabolism pathways.