Early behavioral development and temperamental traits in mother- vs peer-reared rhesus monkeys |
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Authors: | A S Clarke M Snipes |
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Institution: | (1) Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Medical School, 303, E. Chicago Avenue 9-176, 60611-3008 Chicago, Illinois, USA;(2) Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA;(3) Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA |
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Abstract: | Behavioral characteristics (“traits”) of 24 mother-reared and 24 nursery/peer-reared rhesus monkey infants were assessed via
rating scales from the third through the seventh month of life while housed with their rearing partners, and from months 8–10
after all animals had been placed in novel peer groups. The animals were also tested at 8 months of age on the Bayley Scales
of Infant Development adapted for nonhuman primates. During the early period effects noted were primarily developmental. Peer-reared
animals were rated as increasingly less cautious and more attentive to the outside environment over time, while mother-reared
infants declined in ratings of dependence on their mothers. All animals were rated as increasingly active and excitable, and
less fearful, over time. For the period of months 8–10, peer-reared animals showed higher confidence ratings in month 10,
and all animals showed a decline in attachment to cagemates. Mother-reared animals showed more hostility to the examiner during
Bayley testing, whereas peer-reared animals showed more fear. Sex effects included greater ratings for independence from mothers,
greater activity over both the early and later periods, greater excitability, greater attentiveness to the extra-cage environment,
less cautiousness, and better performance on one Bayley problem for females. |
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Keywords: | Temperament Early experience Peer-rearing Infant development Sex differences |
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