Isocyanides Derived from α,α‐Disubstituted Amino Acids: Synthesis and Antifouling Activity Assessment |
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Authors: | Yasuyuki Nogata Erina Yoshimura Kazuhiro Chiba Yoshikazu Kitano |
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Institution: | 1. Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Abiko‐shi, Chiba, Japan;2. CERES Inc., Abiko‐shi, Chiba, Japan;3. Laboratory of Bio‐organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu‐shi, Tokyo, Japan |
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Abstract: | Herein, we contribute to the development of environmentally friendly antifoulants by synthesizing eighteen isocyanides derived from α,α‐disubstituted amino acids and evaluating their antifouling activity/toxicity against the cypris larvae of the Balanus amphitrite barnacle. Almost all isocyanides showed good antifouling activity without significant toxicity and exhibited EC50 values of 0.07 – 7.30 μg/mL after 120‐h exposure. The lowest EC50 values were observed for valine‐, methionine‐, and phenylalanine‐derived isocyanides, which achieved > 95% cypris larvae settlement inhibition at concentrations of less than 30 μg/mL without exhibiting significant toxicity. Thus, the prepared isocyanides should be useful for further research focused on the development of environmentally friendly antifouling agents. |
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Keywords: | antifouling activity barnacle isocyanides amino acids structure– activity relationship |
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