The effect of landscape and human settlement on the genetic differentiation and presence of Paragonimus species in Mesoamerica |
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| Affiliation: | 1. General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;2. Laboratorio de Entomología Aplicada y Parasitología–LENAP, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala;3. Instituto de Investigaciones, Centro Universitario de Zacapa, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala;1. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK;2. The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;1. Public Health Agency of Canada, Agence de la Santé Publique du Canada, 200 René-Lévesque Blvd., Montréal, Québec H2Z 1X4, Canada;2. School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 357F South Academic Building, 116 St. and 85th Ave., Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada;3. Office of Campus Ministries, 110 E. 12th St. Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States;5. Saint Joseph High School, 2521 Stadium Dr., Saint Joseph, MI 49085, United States;1. Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic;2. Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity & Toxicology, Diepenbeek, Belgium;3. Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria;1. National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;2. Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;3. Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;4. Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA |
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| Abstract: | Foodborne diseases are a neglected research area, and despite the existence of many tools for diagnosis and genetic studies, very little is known about the effect of the landscape on the genetic diversity and presence of parasites. One of these foodborne disease is paragonimiasis, caused by trematodes of the genus Paragonimus, which is responsible for a high number of infections in humans and wild animals. The main Paragonimus sp reported in Mesoamerica is Paragonimus mexicanus, yet there are doubts about its correct identification as a unique species throughout the region. This, together with a lack of detailed knowledge about their ecology, evolution and differentiation, may complicate the implementation of control strategies across the Mesoamerican region. We had the goal of delimiting the species of P. mexicanus found throughout Mesoamerica and determining the effect of landscape and geology on the diversity and presence of the parasite. We found support for the delimitation of five genetic groups. The genetic differentiation among these groups was positively affected by elevation and the isolation of river basins, while the parasite’s presence was affected negatively only by the presence of human settlements. These results suggest that areas with lower elevation, connected rivers basins, and an absence of human settlements have low genetic differentiation and high P. mexicanus presence, which may increase the risk of Paragonimus infection. These demonstrate the importance of accurate species delimitation and consideration of the effect of landscape on Paragonimus in the proposal of adequate control strategies. However, other landscape variables cannot be discarded, including temperature, rainfall regime, and spatial scale (local, landscape and regional). These additional variables were not explored here, and should be considered in future studies. |
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| Keywords: | DNA Barcoding Demographic history Elevation Human settlements Mesoamerica Species delimitation River basin connection |
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