Re-engineering monovalent cation binding sites of methylamine dehydrogenase: effects on spectral properties and gated electron transfer

Methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) is a tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary amines. Monovalent cations are known to affect the spectral properties of MADH and to influence the rate of the gated electron transfer (ET) reaction from substrate-reduced MADH to amicyanin. Two putative monovalent cation binding sites in MADH have been identified by X-ray crystallography [Labesse, G., Ferrari, D., Chen, Z.-W., Rossi, G.-L., Kuusk, V., McIntire, W. S., and Mathews, F. S. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 25703-25712]. One requires cation-pi interactions involving residue alpha Phe55. An alpha F55A mutation differentially affects these two monovalent cation-dependent phenomena. The apparent K(d) associated with spectral perturbations increases 10-fold. The apparent K(d) associated with enhancement of the gated ET reaction becomes too small to measure, indicating that either it has decreased more than 1000-fold or the mutation has caused a conformational change that eliminates the requirement for the cation for the gated ET. These results show that of the two binding sites revealed in the structure, cation binding to the distal site, which is stabilized by the cation-pi interactions, is responsible for the spectral perturbations. Cation binding to the proximal site, which is stabilized by several oxygen ligands, is responsible for the enhancement of the rate of gated ET. Another site-directed mutant, alpha F55E MADH, exhibited cation binding properties that were the same as those of the native enzyme, indicating that interactions with the carboxylate of Glu can effectively replace the cation-pi interactions with Phe in stabilizing monovalent cation binding to the distal site.