东北春大豆种质资源表型分析及综合评价

种质资源是大豆遗传育种和解析复杂数量性状的基础,通过对种质资源的评价,可指导育种实践中优异互补亲本的选择,提高优异基因交流累加和新品种培育的效率。本研究选用来自东北三省一区1923-2010年间选育的340份春大豆种质资源,通过在牡丹江地区对12个表型性状的2年综合鉴定,评价品种群体遗传变异特点和筛选优异种质资源,结果表明:(1)春大豆种质资源表型变异丰富。除生育期年份间差异不显著外,其他性状品种间和年份间均呈显著的差异,且2年变化趋势相同。有效分枝数变异幅度最大,其次是主茎荚数、单株粒重和株高,这些性状选择潜力较大,品质性状的变异幅度较小,选择潜力有限;(2)表型性状特征频率分布均符合正态分布。受育成单位纬度和育种目标的影响,生育期呈现北早南晚,北部育成品种营养体较小、植株矮小、节数相对较少、脂肪含量较高,南部育成品种营养体较大、植株高大、单株有效节数多且主茎单节最多荚数多,部分品种蛋白质含量相对较高;(3)采用主成分分析方法综合评价表明,吉育71的ZF值最高,综合性状表现最好,表型性状与ZF值相关分析结果显示,生育期、株高、主茎节数、地上部生物产量、收获指数、主茎荚数和主茎单节最多荚数等7个表型性状可作为春大豆种质资源综合评价指标。在大豆育种中应重视利用具有丰富遗传多样性的基因资源,在亲本选配时适当选择综合性状优良、育种性状优势互补的种质。

Phenotype analysis and comprehensive evaluation on Northeast spring soybean resources in Mudanjiang

Germplasm resources are the genetic basis of breeding and resolution of complicated quantitative characters, and the evaluation of germplasm resources can guide the selection of excellent parents in breeding practice to improve the exchange and accumulation of excellent genes and the efficiency of new varieties breeding. In this study, 340 spring soybean germplasm resources from Northeast China and Inner Mongolia area during 1923-2010 were selected as experimental materials. Based on the comprehensive identification of 12 phenotypic traits in Mudanjiang area, we evaluated the genetic variation of the population and screened out some excellent germplasm resources. The results showed that: (1) There was abundant phenotypic variation in spring soybean germplasm resources in Northeast China. Most traits showed significant differences between different varieties and years, and the same trend was observed in two years in addition to growth period. The maximum variation was the effective branch number, followed by the number of effective pods per plant, grain weight per plant and plant height, which had great selection potential, the variation range of quality traits was smaller than orther traits and the selection potential is limited. (2) The frequency distribution of phenotypic traits was in accordance with the normal distribution, Growth period of the northern breeding varieties is earlier than the southern for different latitude breeding units and breeding target. The northern breeds showed smaller nutrients, shorter plants, less effective nodes and higher fat content than the southern in Mudanjiang ecological area.(3) The results of comprehensive evaluation of principal component analysis showed that the ZF value of Jiyu 71 was the highest, and the comprehensive character was the best than the others. The correlation analysis between phenotypic traits and ZF value showed that seven traits, including growth period, plant height, number of main stem nodes, aboveground biomass,harvest index, number of pods per plant and number of pods per plant, could be used as a comprehensive evaluation index of spring soybean germplasm resources. It is concluded that soybean breeding should attach importance to the utilization of the genetic resources with genetic diversity, and simultaneously, also pay great attention to the use of the parents with excellent comprehensive performance and complementary breeding traits in breeding parent selection to improve genetic of varieties.